Representative Confession Effect in Iranian Civil Proceedings

In criminal affairs of the law of most countries, including Iran, representation confession all is seen with skepticism. However, the countries that do not accept confession in criminal matters in any way, believe that confession is always to the detriment of the accused and the representative with his confession creates effortlessly further ado for the accused. But it is not always the case, because sometimes the lawyer may provide him the exemptions and the commutation of the sentence with his original confession to committing the crime. In article 205 of General and Revolutionary Courts Procedure Code (Civil Affairs) adopted in 2001, Conclusive confession has been appointed non-substitution. Conclusive confession is the one that a confessor accepts a demand that is asked in the column or it is the subject of the petition. Conclusive confession is against the confession of dispute proof preliminaries. Confession to the premises of the lawsuit will not end and will not accompany by accepting the claim. Basic reasons for this decision are: The original confessor, non-harmful confession against the other, the necessity of observing the interest of the client, the consensus of jurists etc., but none of these reasons can justify impossibility substitution of confession. Therefore, the article aforementioned was critical and its reformation is proposed. The main aim of this study is to investigate the effect of confession in civil proceedings in Iran; the research in this paper is organized as a library and survey method and it is based on analytical methods. First, the literature of the research is described and as a result, according to analytical findings, fundamental recommendations are proposed

Investigation of genetic correlation among traits using massive SNP genotype in German Holstein population

The aims of this study were to demonstrate the genomic architecture of quantitative traits using Illumina BovineSNP50 Beadchip as well as the identification of chromosomes or SNPs affecting multiple traits in German Holstein population. For this research, a total of 2333 German Holstein bulls were genotyped for 54,001 SNPs. Only SNPs with less than 5% missing genotypes and minor allele frequency greater than 3% were used. Finally, among 45181 SNPs distributed on 29 autosome and XY pseudo-autosomal chromosomes, 43,838 known position SNPs were selected. Total additive genomic variance were calculated by sums of chromosomal variances and covariances between them or SNP variance and covariances between SNPs for milk, fat, protein yield and somatic cell score traits. Chromosomal genetic correlations were estimated for six categories of traits: production (3 traits), udder health (1 trait), milkability (4 traits), fertility (6 traits), calving (4 traits) and body type (2 traits). SNP genetic correlations were calculated for fat and milk yield on BTA14 and BTA20 as well. All bovine chromosomes contribute to construct the total additive genetic variance. Sums of the chromosomal additive genetic variances and covariance between chromosomes were equal with total additive genetic variance as well as sums of SNP variances and covariance between SNPs along the genome. Chromosomal additive genetic variance explain 54.49 to 69.9% of total additive genetic variance with higher additive genetic variance on BTA14 for milk and fat yields and BTA6 for protein yield and somatic cell score traits. Sum of SNPs variance explain 6.3 to 9.6% of total additive genetic variance with higher SNPs additive genetic variance on XY pseudo-autosomal. Results of chromosomal genetic correlations between analyzed traits showed negative and positive correlations between traits across chromosomes. e.g. BTA14 has strong negative correlation between fat with milk and protein yields. Higher positive correlations between milk, fat and protein yields with SCS have been seen on BTA26. In the other hand, correlations between traits across SNPs can exhibit chromosomal regions having positive or negative correlations for interested traits. It can help to design low density chip with high correlated SNPs for economical traits in genomic selection

Towards integrated control of varroa: effect of variation in hygienic behaviour among honey bee colonies on mite population increase and deformed wing virus incidence

Hygienic behaviour in the honey bee, Apis mellifera, is the uncapping and removal of dead, diseased or infected brood from sealed cells by worker bees. We determined the effect of hygienic behaviour on varroa population growth and incidence of deformed wing virus (DWV), which can be transmitted by varroa. We treated 42 broodless honey bee colonies with oxalic acid in early January 2013 to reduce varroa populations to low levels, which we quantified by extracting mites from a sample of worker bees. We quantified varroa levels, again when the colonies were broodless, 48 weeks later. During the summer the hygienic behaviour in each colony was quantified four times using the Freeze Killed Brood (FKB) removal assay, and ranged from 27.5 % to 100 %. Varroa population increased greatly over the season, and there was a significant negative correlation between varroa increase and FKB removal. This was entirely due to fully hygienic colonies with >95 % FKB having only 43 % of the varroa build up of the less hygienic colonies.None of the 14 colonies with >80 % FKB removal had overt symptoms of DWV, whilst 36 % of the less hygienic colonies did. Higher levels of FKB removal also correlated significantly with lower numbers of DWV RNA copies in worker bees, but not in varroa mites. On average, fully hygienic colonies had c. 10,000 times less viral RNA than less hygienic colonies

Physiological and Morphological Responses of the ‘Dargazi’ Pear (Pyrus communis) to in vitro Salinity

Salinity is one of the most important factors limiting growth and production of plants worldwide. Improving tolerance to salinity in plants is the most effective way to increase performance. Influence of salinity on growth, physiological and biochemical responses of Pyrus communis ‘Dargazi’ explants was investigated in in vitro conditions. Explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1 mg L-1 BAP (6-banzyl amino purine) and 0.1 mg L-1 NAA (Naphthaline acetic acid) supplemented with different sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations 0 (control), 40, 80, 120 and 160 mM. With increased salinity, the fresh weight, dry weight, the number of leaves, shoot length, chlorophyll index, multiplication index, leaf relative water content and total protein decreased. In contrast, proline, soluble sugar and activity of catalase increased

Physiological and Morphological Responses of the ‘Dargazi’ Pear (Pyrus communis) to in vitro Salinity

Salinity is one of the most important factors limiting growth and production of plants worldwide. Improving tolerance to salinity in plants is the most effective way to increase performance. Influence of salinity on growth, physiological and biochemical responses of Pyrus communis ‘Dargazi’ explants was investigated in in vitro conditions. Explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1 mg L-1 BAP (6-banzyl amino purine) and 0.1 mg L-1 NAA (Naphthaline acetic acid) supplemented with different sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations 0 (control), 40, 80, 120 and 160 mM. With increased salinity, the fresh weight, dry weight, the number of leaves, shoot length, chlorophyll index, multiplication index, leaf relative water content and total protein decreased. In contrast, proline, soluble sugar and activity of catalase increased

Investigating Spatio-Temporal Variations of Groundwater Quality of Guilan Province using Geostatistical Method

Knowledge and awareness of temporal and spatial changes of quality parameters, especially salinity in groundwater and surface water resources and the preparation of zoning maps can be an important step in proper management and planning in the use of water resources. In this research, the trend of spatial and temporal changes of some groundwater quality parameters in Guilan province has been evaluated. Measurement data of some cations and anions sampled from 150 wells in September and March of 2011-2018 and water level data of 282 piezometric wells were collected. The zoning maps obtained by ordinary kriging method were examined. These maps show that in terms of quality parameters, groundwater resources in the central part of Gilan province have higher values ​​and in the growing season due to agricultural activities and fertilization, groundwater quality decreases. Effect of groundwater depth on the concentration of the parameters was assessed. According to the map of groundwater depth changes, the largest area of ​​Gilan province has a water level of 0.23 to 5.5 m. The results of classification of qualitative parameters show that in shallow groundwater depths the concentration of qualitative parameters increases

Multiple sclerosis and air pollution exposure: Mechanisms toward brain autoimmunity

The association between neurodegenerative diseases and environmental exposures, in particular air pollution, has been noticed in the last two decades, but the importance of this environmental factor in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis has not been considered extensively. However, recent evidence suggests that major mechanisms involved in MS pathogenesis, such as inflammatory factors expression, free radicals overproduction, the blood brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, neuroinflammation, vitamin D deficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction could also occur due to exposure to air pollutants. A prospective hypothesis is suggested here in which exposure to air pollutants may initiate destructive mechanisms inducing inflammatory-oxidative cascades, reduction of immunological self-tolerance and neurodegeneration leading to brain autoimmunit

Distribution of Mortality among 1-59 Month-Old Children Across Iranian Provinces in 2009: The National Mortality Surveillance System

Objective: To determine the distribution of mortality in 1 59 month-old children across Iranian provinces in a national mortality surveillance system. Methods: This national survey was conducted in 2009. A questionnaire was designed and standardized for collecting mortality data of children aged 1 - 59 months. The project team, consisting of collaborators from the whole 40 medical universities, filled in the questionnaires and returned them to the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME). Results: The mortality in 1 - 59 month-old children was unequally distributed across provinces. The mortality was higher among children of less- educated mothers than in children of more- educated mothers. There was a reverse association between 1 - 59 months mortality and socioeconomic status across Iran as a whole and within most provinces. Conclusions: Our results suggest that socioeconomic distribution in mortality of 1 - 59 month-old children favors the better-off in Iran as a whole and in most of its provinces. Investigating why mortality is higher in some provinces deserves special attention. Furthermore, it is advisable to conduct provincially-representative surveys to provide update estimates of different health situations and to allow their monitoring over time

Ecological Security Analysis of Land Use Changes in Lavasanat Basin Using Landscape Metrics

Continuous urbanization over the past decades has caused a large concentration of human population in these areas. Due to the rapid growth of the population and the rapid development of urban disorder in Iran, changes in land use and land cover are occurring rapidly and the sustainability of cities is decreasing day by day. Therefore, understanding the effects of urban growth on the ecosystem and determining the relationship between urban dynamics and ecological security are vital for effective urban planning and environmental protection, to support and support sustainable development.The purpose of this study was to monitor and predict land use changes over a 4 year period (2040-2000) with the Markov Chain Model (CA-Markov) in the Lavasanat Basin of Tehran Province and to evaluate the ecological security of this area over time periods. Landsat satellite imagery was used to investigate land use changes. According to the existing land use in the area, five land uses were considered, barren land, pasture land, irrigated land and agricultural and agricultural land. To quantify the landscape patterns in class metrics of NP, LSI, IJI, CA, PLAND and LPI. And NP, LSI, IJI, ED, PD and SPILT metrics were calculated on the landscape surface.Forecasting results for 2040 shows that at each floor level, the number of spots other than the Bayer floor will decrease with the current trend

Prevalence study of clinical disorders in 6-year-old children across Iranian provinces: Findings of Iranian national health assessment survey

Objective: To assess the national prevalence of clinical disorders in 6-year-old Iranian children before school entry using a national health assessment survey. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional nationwide survey, all Iranian children entering public and private elementary schools were asked to participate in a mandatory national screening program in Iran in 2009 in two levels of screening and diagnostic levels. Results: The study population consisted of 955388 children (48.5% girls and 76.1% urban). Of the whole children, 3.1% of the 6-year-old children had impaired vision. In addition, 1.2, 1.8, 1.4, 10, 10.9, 56.7, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.6% had color blindness, hearing impaired, speech disorder, height to age retardation, body mass index extremes, decayed teeth, having disease with special needs, spinal disorders, and hypertension, respectively. The distribution of these disorders was unequally distributed across provinces. Conclusions: Our results confirmed that the prevalence of clinical disorders among 6-year-old children across Iranian provinces was not similar. The observed burden of these distributions among young children needs a comprehensive national policy with evidence-based province programs to identify the reason for different distribution among provinces